A new study shows German shepherd dogs bred for work are more curious and less neurotic than show dogs. Researchers found these traits in their genes after testing 23,000 dogs. Åke Hedhammar said, "On average, the working dogs showed less fear and more curiosity and were able to socialize well."
German shepherd dogs bred for working are more curious and less neurotic than German shepherds bred for show. A new study from Uppsala University and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences has shown that the differences are not only apparent in the dogs' behavior, but also in their genes. In previous studies, similar genes in humans have been associated with neuroticism. The research is published in the journal Animal Genetics.
A German shepherd dog's behavior is very important because these dogs are used as working dogs, for example in the police force or in the defense forces. Breeding dogs with the right traits can be difficult and costly. But with a better understanding of the genetics underlying such traits, breeding can be improved.
In a new study, ethologists and geneticists worked together to investigate how the behavior of German shepherd dogs is reflected in their genes. They have shown that the German shepherd population in Sweden is composed of two groups: one bred primarily for appearance and the other bred for functional roles as working dogs.
"Breeders of working dogs have selected and bred the ones that really enjoy working; it's a bit like a game for them. It's interesting that we can now see that this selective breeding has indeed led to differences between working dogs and show dogs among German shepherds—differences that can be seen at both the behavioral and genetic levels," says Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, professor of comparative genomics at Uppsala University and one of the study's leaders.
Investigated German shepherd behavior and genetics
To measure behavior in German shepherd dogs, a standardized behavior test called the Dog Mentality Assessment (DMA) was used in which the dogs were confronted with a variety of situations. The DMA tests how dogs react to an invitation to play, threatening ghost-like figures and being handled by a stranger. Today, the majority of German shepherds in Sweden are tested using the DMA. In the study, the researchers looked at data from around 23,000 German shepherd dogs.
"We could see that, on average, the working dogs showed less fear and more curiosity and were able to socialize well with humans. This shows how important it is to select for behavior when selecting dogs for breeding for important functional roles in our community," says Åke Hedhammar, professor emeritus at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
The researchers then took blood samples from 373 German shepherd dogs who had undergone the DMA to be able to map their genomes.
"We could then see that there were areas in the genome where differences could be seen in the dogs depending on how curious or playful they were, for example. That meant that we were able to identify some of the genes in working dogs that are linked to curiosity and playfulness," says Lindblad-Toh.
In humans too, researchers have found links between genes and behavior. Some of the genes that have now been linked to the behavior of German shepherd dogs have been associated in previous studies with neuroticism in humans.
"It's interesting that several of the genes that we identified as influencing behavior in German shepherds are also linked to that behavior in humans. So we now have an example of how we might also acquire more knowledge about different behaviors in people with the help of dogs in the long term," says Lindblad-Toh.
Bigger studies in the pipeline with the Swedish Armed Forces
Behavior is not just controlled by individual genes: it is a complex interaction between many different genes. In collaboration with the Swedish Armed Forces, the researchers are now going to proceed with bigger studies in order to better map the genetics of behavior.
"That would ultimately mean that these findings could be used to select which dogs have the best prospects of becoming good working dogs and which could be used in breeding. But we are not there yet. This study is just a first step and shows that there are actually clear differences in behavior between working German shepherd dogs and German shepherd show dogs," Hedhammar says.